Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Cavesa


The Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves (Chinese: 柏孜克里千佛洞; pinyin: Bózīkèlǐ Qiānfódòng,  Uyghur: ېىزەكلىك مىڭ ئۆيى ) is a complex of Buddhist cave grottos dating from the 5th to 14th century between the cities of Turpan and Shanshan (Loulan) at the north-east of the Taklamakan Desert near the ancient ruins of Gaochang in the Mutou Valley, a gorge in the Flaming Mountains, China. They are high on the cliffs of the west Mutou Valley under the Flaming Mountains, and most of the surviving caves date from the West Uyghur kingdom around the 10th to 13th centuries.

Bezeklik murals

There are 77 rock-cut caves at the site. Most have rectangular spaces with rounded arch ceilings often divided into four sections, each with a mural of the Buddha. The effect is of entire ceiling covers with hundreds of Buddha murals. Some murals show a large Buddha surrounded by other figures, including Turks, Indians and Europeans. The quality of the murals vary with some being artistically naive while others are masterpieces of religious art.  The murals that best represent the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves are the large-sized murals, which were given the name the "Praṇidhi Scene", paintings depicting Sakyamuni’s "promise" or "praṇidhi" from his past life.

Professor James A. Millward described the original Uyghurs as physically Mongoloid, giving as an example the images in Bezeklik at temple 9 of the Uyghur patrons, until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin's original Indo-European Tocharian inhabitants. Buddhist Uyghurs created the Bezeklik murals. However, Peter B. Golden writes that the Uyghurs not only adopted the writing system and religious faiths of the Indo-European Sogdians, such as Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Christianity, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors" while gradually replacing them in their roles as Silk Road traders and purveyors of culture. Indeed, Sogdians wearing silk robes are seen in the praṇidhi scenes of Bezeklik murals, particularly Scene 6 from Temple 9 showing Sogdian donors to the Buddha. The paintings of Bezeklik, while having a small amount of Indian influence, is primarily influenced by Chinese and Iranian styles, particularly Sasanian Persian landscape painting.Albert von Le Coq was the first to study the murals and published his findings in 1913. He noted how in Scene 14 from Temple 9 one of the Caucasian-looking figures with green eyes, wearing a green fur-trimmed coat and presenting a bowl with what he assumed were bags of gold dust, wore a hat that he found reminiscent of the headgear of Sasanian Persian princes.

The Buddhist Uyghurs of the Kingdom of Qocho and Turfan were converted to Islam by conquest during a ghazat (holy war) at the hands of the Muslim Chagatai Khanate ruler Khizr Khoja (r. 1389-1399).

After being converted to Islam, the descendants of the previously Buddhist Uyghurs in Turfan failed to retain memory of their ancestral legacy and falsely believed that the "infidel Kalmuks" (Dzungars) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area.

Anti-portrait Muslims had Buddhist portraits obliterated during the wars over hundreds of years in which Buddhism was replaced by Islam. Cherrypicking of history of Xinjiang with the intention of projecting an image of irreligiousity or piousness of Islam in Uyghur culture has been done by people with agendas. Michael Dillon wrote that the 1000s-1100s Islam-Buddhist war are still recalled in the forms of the Khotan Imam Asim Sufi shrine celebration and other Sufi holy site celebrations. Bezeklik's Thousand Buddha Caves are an example of the religiously motivated vandalism against portraits of religious and human figures.

The murals at Bezeklik have suffered considerable damage.  Many of the murals were damaged by local Muslim population whose religion proscribed figurative images of sentient beings, the eyes and mouths in particular were often gouged out.  Pieces of murals were also broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals.  During the late nineteen and early twentieth century, European and Japanese explorers found intact murals buried in sand, and many were removed and dispersed around the world.  Some of the best preserved murals were removed by German explorer Albert von Le Coq and sent to Germany.  Large pieces such as those showing Praṇidhi scene were permanently fixed to walls in the Museum of Ethnology in Berlin. During the Second World War they could not be removed for safekeeping, and were thus destroyed when the museum was caught in the bombing of Berlin by the Allies. Other pieces may now be found in various museums around the world, such as the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Tokyo National Museum in Japan, the British Museum in London, and the national museums of Korea and India.

A digital recreation of the Bezeklik murals removed by explorers was shown in Japan.

Client’s Reviews

  • TheKrezAbides

    Reviewed 29thJune2013

    As the other reviews mention, this is a collection of about six caves. There used to be a collection of amazing Buddhist murals here. Used to be...most of them are heavily defaced, either by idiots with hammers or western archeologists. Whole sections have been removed...More

  • Lavendar_1107

    Reviewed 13thSeptember2014

    We went to the Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves. Alot of caves paintings & scriptures were destroyed. As the tour guide said, it was "removed" by German archaeologists in the early days. No photos were allowed. But I did some "illegal" snapping quickly. I enjoyed most...More

  • jollymonkey

    Reviewed 21stSeptember2019

    It’s a shame because a hundred years ago these would have been interesting but almost all the artwork has been stolen so they’re really more like holes than Buddha caves. My advice is to give this a miss and spend your time instead at the...More

  • jouellet23

    Reviewed 28thMarch2017

    Very interesting caves. Let it be noted that it is not 1000 caves, its caves with 1000 Buddha in them. Many of the caves are closed, although rumor is they will open more later. My only issue with the site is the modern influence. All...More

  • ramdam75

    Reviewed 10thSeptember2012

    I was afraid the place was just average but in fact the paintings (or what's keft of them...) are really worth seeing. Most of the caves are closed though, which is a pity. The road to reach the place is spectacular

  • LorahZ

    Reviewed 12thApril2018

    This cave has less tourists than the Magao Cave in Dunhuang so it's definitely worth a visit to compare if you are travelling down the silk road. Most of the paintings have been taken by Western explorers or destroyed when Islam arrived in the region....More

  • mogolan

    Reviewed 13thNovember2018

    The way to the caves is spectacular. It's a pity that most of the paintings were destroyed or robbed, but you still can feel the past beauty of the place.

  • kiwiawayMelbourne

    Reviewed 25thSeptember2012

    the drive up the valley was very good, alot of place to get some good pictures. But once at the caves it was very poor, only six caves open and they are in very poor condition. also watch out for the camel rider that wants...More

  • Neeta M

    Reviewed 28thDecember2011

    Reading the guide books, it was suggested this sight could be missed. I totally disagree. The caves are lovely as is the drive to where they are located. Also, my first camel ride!

  • TheTravelPirate

    Reviewed 14thNovember2017

    the caves at Bezeklik are well worth a detour if you are in turpan area. personally i enjoyed mogao caves close to dunhuang more these at bezeklik arent to be missed either. both highlights of a western china tour

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